Author: Willie

Willie has over 15 years of experience in Linux system administration and DevOps. After managing infrastructure for startups and enterprises alike, he founded Command Linux to share the practical knowledge he wished he had when starting out. He oversees content strategy and contributes guides on server management, automation, and security.

Q&A

Exit Codes in C and C++ Programs

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When a C or C++ application finishes running, it sends back a numeric value to the operating system. This value is called an exit code. Exit codes tell us whether the program ran without problems or hit some kind of error along the way. How the exit() Function Works in C and C++ The exit() function stops a program right where it is. It accepts a single integer argument, which becomes the program’s return value. void exit(int return_code) A return value of 0 (or EXIT_SUCCESS) means the program completed as expected. Any non-zero return value (or EXIT_FAILURE) signals that something…

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Arch Linux

bspwm Tiling Window Manager

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bspwm organizes windows as leaves in a binary tree. This tiling window manager runs on X11 systems and handles multiple displays. It partially follows EWMH standards and requires separate programs for keyboard input. The software uses a client-server model. The bspc program sends messages to the window manager through a socket. A hotkey daemon like sxhkd translates key presses into bspc commands. Features bspwm represents windows as nodes in a binary tree structure. Each monitor contains desktops, and each desktop points to a tree. The window manager supports EWMH and Xinerama protocols. Configuration happens through shell scripts that call bspc.…

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