TAIL

 

NAME

tail – output the last part of files  

SYNOPSIS

tail [OPTION]… [FILE]…  

DESCRIPTION

Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-c, –bytes=K

output the last K bytes; or use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file

-f, –follow[={name|descriptor}]

output appended data as the file grows;

an absent option argument means ‘descriptor’

-F

same as –follow=name –retry

-n, –lines=K

output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +K to output starting with the Kth

–max-unchanged-stats=N

with –follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not

changed size after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files); with inotify, this option is rarely useful

–pid=PID

with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies

-q, –quiet, –silent

never output headers giving file names

–retry

keep trying to open a file if it is inaccessible

-s, –sleep-interval=N

with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations; with inotify and –pid=P, check process P at least once every N seconds

-v, –verbose

always output headers giving file names

–help

display this help and exit

–version

output version information and exit

If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a ‘+’, print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.

With –follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail’ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use –follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation.  

AUTHOR

Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Taylor, and Jim Meyering.  

REPORTING BUGS

GNU coreutils online help: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
Report tail translation bugs to http://translationproject.org/team/